The dot-com bubble (or the dot-com boom) was a bubble in the stock market by the end of the 1990s. This time coincided with a massive increase in internet adoption, a proliferation of available venture capital, and the imminent rise in prices of the latest dot-com projects. From 1995 to its peak in early spring 2000, the nasdaq composite process index rose by 400%, but dropped 78% from its peak by october 2002, losing all your gains during the bubble period. During the dot-com crash, some of the company's online stores, especially pets. Com, webvan and boo.Com, and even a few communications companies like worldcom, northpoint communications and global crossing failed and closed. Others, including lastminute.Com, mp3.Com and then peoplesound, survived the explosion but were acquired. More ?Dimensional? Companies, including amazon and cisco systems, have lost most of their personal market capitalization, and cisco has lost 80% of its stock value. Other technological booms of the past, including expensive iron in the 1840s, cars in the early 20th century, radio in the 1920s, television in the 1940s, transistor electronics in the 1950s, computer division of the minute in the 1960s, and home electronics and biotechnology in the 1980s.[5] Low interest charges in 1998-1999 contributed to the growth of start-ups. Although the top new entrepreneurs listed above had realistic projects and administrative abilities, most of which lacked these qualities, they were able to realize their intentions to investors thanks to the novelty of the dot-com concept. In 2000, the dot-com bubble burst , and a variety of dot-com startups went bankrupt as soon as they spent their venture capital and did not always manage to become profitable. Meanwhile, some others survived and prospered at the dawn of this century. Many organizations that started out as online merchants have flourished and become very profitable. More traditional retailers have found online trading to be a lucrative source of income. At the same time that many online comic and news outlets collapsed when their start-up capital dried up, others persevered and generally became economically self-sufficient. Traditional media (namely, newspaper publishers, broadcasters, and cable companies) find the internet a pleasant and successful secondary channel for storytelling and an additional means of making money from advertising. The internet portals that survived and eventually thrived once the bubble burst had two things in common. : A reliable good plan and a niche in commerce that was both not unique but especially well-defined and well-served. -Businesses have gone bankrupt.This, plus ongoing investment in local mobile communications infrastructure, has lowered connection fees and helped make high-speed internet access as profitable as possible.In the intervening period, many businesses have achieved levels of building business kits that have helped make internet spaces more refined. Bring airline booking sites, google search along with its lucrative relationship to keyword-based advertising, as well as the ebay auction site and the online store amazon.Com. The democratic price of reaching millions of fans around the world and the ability to sell or receive news from such citizens, in the same situation when you were reached, promised to subvert established business dogmas in advertising, mail order, customer relationship management and higher education in many other regions . . The internet was the new killer application—it was able to connect unrelated visitors in a seamless and cost-effective way. Entrepreneurs around the world have developed new business headsets and are in the nearest venture capitalist. While many of the new entrepreneurs were skilled in business and economics, many of the men were just people with offers and didn't always manage capital inflows wisely. Beyond that, a huge number of dot-com business plans were based on the assumption that by choosing to use the internet, porn actresses would be bypassing the distribution channels of existing factories and, therefore, would not have to compete with them; when established companies with strong existing brands developed their own presence through the world wide web, those hopes were dashed, and amateurs had to try to break into markets dominated by larger, more established businesses. A number of people did not have the chance to do it. The dot-com bubble burst in the early spring of 2000 when the tech-heavy nasdaq composite index peaked at 5048.62 on march 10[6] (5132.52 during the day). , Which is more than double its price a year earlier. By 2001, the deflation of the bubble was in full swing. Most dot-coms stopped trading as soon as they burned their venture capital and ipo capital, often never turning a profit. But despite this, online continues to grow thanks to commerce, more and more online information, knowledge, social networks and getting off all kinds of gadgets. Prelude to the bubble[edit]The release of mosaic in 1993 and further web browsers in later years gave computer users access to the internet, popularizing the use of the internet.[7] internet use has increased as a result of the reduction of the digital divide and advances in connectivity, connectivity and computer education. Between 1990 and 1997, the percentage of us households that own computers increased from 15% to 35% as computer ownership went from a luxury to a necessity.[8] it marked the direction towards the information age, a computer-enhanced economy, and a bunch of new companies. At the same time, lower premiums increased the availability of capital.[9] the taxpayer relief act of 1997 , which lowered the upper marginal income tax in the us, also made people more receptive to speculative investments. Alan greenspan, then chairman of the federal reserve, allegedly fueled investments in the stock market by positively valuing stocks.[11] the telecommunications act of 1996 was expected to guarantee a host of advanced technologies from which most filmgoers wanted to make money.[12] The bubble[edit] How as a result of such reasons, some investors sought to invest, for any kind of assessment, in any dot-com company, especially if its name had one of the prefixes bordering on become, or the suffix ".Com". Venture capital was comfortable to raise. Investment banks that received tangible income from initial public offerings (ipo) fueled speculation and encouraged investment in technology.[13] the combination of rapid share price appreciation in the quaternary economic climate and the determination of such companies to earn returns over time created an environment in which many investors were willing to ignore traditional price-to-earnings metrics and rely on technological metrics. Progress that leads to a bubble in the stock market. Between 1995 and 2000, the nasdaq composite process index grew by 400%. It achieved a price-to-earnings ratio of 200, dwarfing the peak price-to-earnings ratio of 80 for the japanese nikkei 225 during the 1991 japan of the rising sun asset bubble. In 1999, qualcomm shares rose 2619% in value, 12 other large-cap stocks rose more than 1000% each, and the rate of seven additional large-cap supplier shares rose over 900%. Despite the nasdaq composite up 85.6% and the s&p 500 up 19.5% in 1999, more stocks fell than rose as investors sold slow-growing stocks to invest in internet stocks.[14] An unprecedented amount of personal investment occurred during the boom, and stories of people quitting their jobs to trade in the financial market were commonplace.[15] the media took advantage of the public's desire to invest in the stock market; an article in the wall street journal suggested that investors "rethink" the "fancy idea" of earnings, and cnbc reported on the stock market with the same level of anticipation as many networks that provide sports coverage. [11][17] At the height of the boom, a promising dot-com company could go public through an ipo and raise a significant amount of money, even if it never turned a profit, and in some cases did not receive any material income. People who received employee stock options immediately became paper millionaires when their companies went public; however, most employees were prohibited from selling shares immediately due to lockdown periods. Sir john templeton successfully sold many dot-com stocks at the peak of the bubble during what he called "temporary madness" and "a once in a lifetime opportunity." He sold the shares shortly before the lock-up period ended 6 months after the initial public offering, correctly assuming that many dot-com executives would sell the shares as soon as possible, and that large-scale sales would drive the share prices down.19] Dotcom spending trends[edit] Most dotcom companies suffered net operating losses as they spent heavily on advertising and promotion to use online effects to increase market share or mind share as quickly as possible, using the mottos "get big fast" and "get big or get lost." These companies offered their services or products for free or at a discount, with the expectation that they would be able to increase brand awareness in order to charge lucrative rates for their services in the future.[20][21] Growth mentality more important than profit” and the “new economy” aura of invincibility has led some companies to start spending lavishly on sophisticated business facilities and luxury vacations for employees. After launching a new product or website, a company would host an expensive event called a dotcom party.[22][23] Telecommunications bubble[edit] Due in part to greed and over-optimism, especially regarding the growth in data traffic caused by the development of the internet, in the five years since the us telecommunications act of 1996 went into effect, telecommunications equipment companies have invested more than $500 billion, mostly funded by debt bill, for laying fiber optic cable, adding new switches and building wireless networks. In many areas, such as the dulles tech corridor in virginia, governments funded technology infrastructure and created favorable business and tax laws to encourage companies to expand.[24] the growth in capacities significantly outpaced the growth in demand.[12] spectrum auctions for 3g in the united kingdom in april 2000 by chancellor of the exchequer gordon brown raised ￡22.5 billion. In germany in august 2000 auctions raised ￡30 billion. The united states 3g spectrum auction in 1999 had to be rerun when the winners missed their $4 billion bid. The re-auction brought 10% of the original sale price. When the bursting of the bubble made it difficult to find financing, the high debt ratios of these companies led to bankruptcy. Investors in bonds returned just over 20% of their investments.[31] however, several telecom executives sold shares before the crash, including philip anschutz, who made $1.9 billion, joseph nacchio, who made $248 million, and gary winnick, who sold $748 million in shares.[32] Bubble burst[edit] Toward the turn of the 2000s, technology spending was volatile as companies prepared for the y2k problem. There were fears that the computer systems would have trouble moving the clock and calendar from 1999 to 2000, which could cause wider social or economic problems, but due to proper preparation, there were almost no repercussions or failures. Marketing spending also hit new highs for the sector, with two internet companies purchasing ad space for super bowl xxxiii and 17 internet companies buying ad space next year for super bowl xxxiv.[34] 10 january 2000 america online, led by steve case and ted leonsis, announced a merger with time warner, led by gerald m. Levine. The merger was the largest to date and has been questioned by many analysts. Then, on january 30, 2000, 12 of the 61 super bowl xxxiv ads were purchased by dot-coms (sources indicate between 12 and 19 companies depending on the definition of a dot-com company). At the time, the cost of a 30-second commercial was between $1.9 million and $2.2 million. Bets several times; many believed that these actions caused the bursting of the dot-com bubble. However, according to paul krugman, “he didn't raise interest rates to curb market enthusiasm; he didn't even try to impose margin requirements on stock market investors. Instead, it is [suggested] that he waited for the bubble to burst, as he did in 2000, and then tried to clean up the mess.”[38] writer and financial commentator e. Ray canterbury agreed with krugman's criticism. However, on march 13, 2000, the news that japan was back in recession triggered a global sell-off that disproportionately affected technology stocks. Shortly thereafter, yahoo! And ebay dropped merger talks, and the nasdaq fell 2.6%, but the s&p 500 rose 2.4% as investors switched from high-performing technology stocks to underperforming established stocks.[42] March 20 in 2000, barron's magazine ran a cover story titled “combustion; warning: internet companies are running out of money fast,” which predicted the imminent bankruptcy of many internet companies.This has caused many people to rethink their investments. On the same day, microstrategy announced a revenue review due to aggressive accounting practices. Its stock price, which rose from $7/share to $333/share in a year, fell $140/share, or 62%, in a day. The next day, the federal reserve raised interest rates, resulting in an inverted yield curve, although stocks rose temporarily. Law in united states v. Microsoft corp. (2001) and ruled that microsoft was guilty of monopolizing and binding in violation of the sherman antitrust act. This resulted in a one-day drop in the value of microsoft shares by 15% and a drop in the value of nasdaq by 350 points, or 8%. Many people considered the lawsuits to be detrimental to technology in general.[46] on the same day, bloomberg news published a widely read article saying, "it's finally time to pay attention to the numbers."[47] Friday, april 14, 2000, nasdaq index the composite fell 9%, ending the week down 25%. Investors were forced to sell shares in anticipation of tax day, the deadline for paying taxes on profits earned in the previous year.[48] by june 2000, internet companies were forced to rethink their spending on advertising campaigns.[49] on november 9, 2000, pets.Com, a highly publicized company backed by amazon.Com, went out of business just nine months after completing its ipo. By that time, most internet stocks were down 75% from their highs, resulting in a $1.755 trillion decline in value.[52] in january 2001, only three dot-com companies bought ad space during super bowl xxxv.[53] undeniably, the 9/11 attacks later accelerated the stock market's decline.[54] investor confidence was further damaged by several accounting scandals and subsequent bankruptcies, including the enron scandal in october 2001 and the worldcom scandal in june 2002.[55] and the adelphia communications corporation scandal in july 2002.[56] By the end of the stock market downturn in 2002, stocks had lost $5 trillion in market capitalization since their peak.[57] at the bottom of october 9, 2002, the nasdaq-100 fell to 1114, down 78% from its peak.[58][59] investors has completely changed. The lifespan of a dot-com company was measured by its rate of burnout, the rate at which it squandered its existing capital. Many dot-com companies ran out of capital and went into liquidation. Ancillary industries such as advertising and shipping have cut back as demand for services has fallen. However, many companies were able to survive the collapse; 48% of dot-com companies survived until 2004, albeit at a lower estimate.[20] Several companies and their executives, including bernard ebbers, jeffrey skilling, and kenneth lay, were charged or convicted. Fraud for misusing shareholder money, and the us securities and exchange commission imposed heavy fines on investment firms, including citigroup and merrill lynch, for misleading investors.[60] Having suffered losses, retail investors have shifted their investment portfolios to more cautious positions.[61] popular online high-tech stock forums such as silicon investor, yahoo! Finances and the motley fool have shrunk significantly.[62] Overloading the labor market and office equipment[edit] Layoffs of programmers have led to a general glut in the labor market. There has been a marked decrease in the number of applicants to universities for computer degrees.[63][64] the aeron chairs, which retailed for $1,100 each, were liquidated en masse.[65] Legacy[edit] As growth stabilizes in the company's technology sector consolidated; some, such as amazon.Com, ebay, and google, have gained market share and come to dominate their fields. The most valuable public companies currently tend to be in the tech sector. In a 2015 book, venture capitalist fred wilson, who funded many dot-com companies and lost 90% of his fortune when the bubble burst, said about the dot-com bubble: My friend has a great line. He says, "nothing of importance has ever been built without irrational exuberance." This means that you need a bit of this mania to encourage investors to open their wallets and finance the construction of railroads, automobile or aerospace industries or whatever. 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Isbn 978-0-262-51196-4 .Aaron, david y.; Gavius, ilanith; yosef, rami (2010). "The impact of the stock market bubble on mergers and acquisitions". Economics and finance quarterly review. 50(4):456-70. Doi: 10.1016/j.Qref.2010.05.002. Cassidy, john (2009). Dot.Scam: how america went crazy and lost money in the internet age. Harpercollins. Isbn 9780061841781 .Sellan-jones, rory (2001). Dot.Bomb: the rise and fall of dot.Com in the uk. Aurum. Isbn 978-1854107909. Daisy, mike (2014). Twenty-one dog years: serving time at amazon.Com. Free press. Isbn 978-0-7432-2580-9 .Goldfarb, brent d.; Kirsch, david; miller, david a. (April 24, 2006). "Was there too little entry into the dot-com era?" Research work of the robert h. Smith school (rhs 06-029). Ssrn 899100. Kindleberger, charles p. (2005). Manias, panics, and crashes: a history of financial crises. John wylie & sons. Isbn 9780230365353 .Kuo, david (2001). Dot.Bomb: my days and nights at the internet goliath. Isbn 978-0-316-60005-7 .Lovenstein, roger (2004). The origins of the crash: the big bubble and its destruction. Penguin books. Isbn 978-1-59420-003-8 .Wolf, michael (1999). Burn rate: how i survived the internet gold rush years. Orion publishing group. Isbn 9780752826066. Google books calorie burn rate.Vtedaniel egertermarc andriessenbob bernardjeff bezos henry blodgetjames h. Clarkcynthia cooper (accountant)bob davis (businessman)bernard ebbersdavid filocharles gasparinorichard grassoalan greenspan jack grubmanjosh harris (internet)jeff hawkinshoward jonasjerry kirbytimothy cooglekenneth layarthur levittmary meekerpaypal mafiakevin o'learyjason olimstefan paternotjim ruttmichael j. Saylorjeffrey skillingeliot spitzerscott d. Sullivan kaleil isaza tuzmanjulie wainwrightjerry yang3com360networksabovenetactua corporationairspan networksakamai technologiesalteon websystems amazonarthur andersenblue coat systemsboo.Combooks-a-millionbroadband sportsbroadcast.Comcdnowchemdex. Com cmgi inc.Cobalt networkscommerce onecovadcyberian outpostcyberrebatedigex digita l insightdivine (corporation)doubleclickebayegainegghead softwareenronepidemic marketingexciteflooz.Comfreei gadzooxgeocitiesglobal crossinggovworkshandspring (company)healtheonhomegrocerinfoseekinfospaceinktomiinteractive intelligenceinternet americaivillageiwonkozmo.Comlastminute.Comthe learning companyliquid audiolooksmartlycosmarchfirst microstrategy net2phonenetbanknetscapenetwork solutionsnorthpoint communicationspalm, inc.Paypalpets.Compfswebpixelon plx technologyprodigypseudo.Comradvisionrazorfish (company)redback networksregister.Comritmoteca.Comsavvisterra ( company )theglobe.Comthink toolstibco softwaretradex technologiestransmetaubidunited onlineusinternetworking incuunetva linux systems verioverticalnetvignette corporationwebchatwebsensewebvanworld comwor ld onlineyahoo!Enron scandalirrational exuberancesarbanes-oxleytelecommunications outagetrial of kenneth lay and jeffrey skillingworldcom scandal blood in the streetconspiracy of foolsindustry standardpaypal warse-dreamsenron: the smartest guys in the room startup. Comboom valley category wikimedia commonsvtebalance downbusiness cyclechronic inflation deflationdepressiondisinflationeconomic expansion us expansionuk recessionusarecessiondemandsupplyinverted curve returns The great recession (1430-1490)the great frost of 1709the english credit crisis 1772-1773 - 1772-1774; englandscotlandthe thirteen colonies - 1845-46panic 1847 (1847-1848)- 1853-54panic 1857 ( 1857-1858)panic of 1866 (1865-1867)black friday (1869-1870)long depression - 1873-1879; great britainusa Post-war recession (1918-1919)depression 1920-1921- 1923-1924- 1926-1927the great depression - 1929-1933; australiacanadaindianew zealandsouth africaukusa - 1945recession 1949 (1948-1949)1953 recession (1953-1954)1958 recession (1957-1958)1960-1961 recession1969-1970 recession1973 - recession 1975 ukusa- 1980-1982; canadaukusa Recession in early 1990s-1990-1991; australiacanadaukusa The great recession 2007-2009; australiabangladeshcanadaindiamalaysianew zealandpakistansouth africasri lankaukusa- 2019-present; australiabangladeshbelizebotswanacanadaindiamalaysianamibianew zealandsingaporeukusazambia Vtebull marketcommodity boomcredit cyclediamond rush gold rushirrational exuberanceoil boomreal estate bubblestock market bubbletulip mania (1634-1637)mississippi bubble (1684-1720) brazilian gold rush (c. 1690-1760)south sea bubble (1711-1720)bengal bubble 1769 (1757-1760)bengal bubble 1769 (1760-1769)brazilian gold rush (1760-1840)canal mania (c. 1790-c. 1810)caroline gold rush (1802-1825)1810s real estate bubble in alabamagold rush in georgia (1828) -c. 1840)1830s chicago real estate bubblechile silver rush (1830-1840)chile silver rush (1840-1850)railway mania ( circa 1840-circa 1850)brazilian gold rush (1840-1870)california gold rush (1848-1855)queen charlotte gold rush (1851)victorian gold rush (1851-ca 1870)new south wales gold rush (1851–1880)australian gold rush (1851–1914)fraser canyon gold rush (1858)pikes peak gold rush (1858– 1861)rock creek gold rush (1859) pennsylvania oil rush (1859-1891)similcamine gold rush (1860)stikine gold rush (1861) .)Colorado river mining boom (1861-1864)otago gold rush (1861-1861) 1864caribou gold rush (1861-1867)first gold rush rush in nova scotia (1861–1874)gold rush in wild horse creek (1864–1865)gold lichtown gold rush (1864–1865) west coast gold rush (1864–1867)big bend gold rush (c. 1865)lake vermilion gold rush (1865-1867)kildonan gold rush (1869)ominek gold rush (1869)lapland gold rush 1870scoromandel gold rush (c. 1870-1890)cassiar gold rush (1870-1890)brazilian gold rush (1870-1900)black hills gold rush (1874-1880) colorado silver boom (1879-1893)western australia gold rush (c. 1880-c. 1900)indiana gas boom (c. 1880-1903) ohio oil rush (c. 1880-c. 1900) 1930)tierra del fuego gold rush (1883–1906)caiusz gold rush (1884)witwatersrand gold rush (1886)ensilhammento (1886–1890)cripple creek gold rush (c. 1890–1910)klondike gold rush (1896–1899)second nova scotia gold rush (1896–1903) )stampede on the kobuk river (1897–1899)gold rush on mount baker (1897–1925)gold rush in nome (1899–1909)the fairbanks gold rush (c. 1900–1918)texas oil boom (1901–1918)cobalt silver rush (1903)-1918)porcupine gold rush (1909-1918)1920s land boom in florida (c. 1920-1925)fairbanks gold rush (1918-c. 1930)texas oil boom (1918-1945)cobalt-silver rush (1918-c. 1930) )the porcupine gold rush (1918–1945)the kakamega gold rush of the 1930sthird nova scotia gold rush (1932–1942)texas oil boom (1945–ca 1950)porcupine gold rush (1945–1960)poseidon bubble (1969–1970)commodity boom of the 1970smexico oil boom (1977–1981)silver thursday (1980) new zealand property bubble (c. 1980–1982)oil glut in the 1980snew zealand property bubble (1982–1982– )the spanish property bubble (1985–2008))japanese asset price bubble (1986–1990)dot-com bubble (1995–2000)baltic housing bubble (2000–2006)irish property bubble (c.2000) -2007)2000s commodity boom (2000-2008)2000s real estate bubble in denmark (2001-2006)india real estate bubble (2001-2007) u.S. Housing bubble (2002-2006) romanian real estate bubble (2002-2007)polish real estate bubble (2002-2008)bubble property bubble in canada (2002–)china property bubble (2005–2011)lebanon property bubble (2005-2008)bulgarian property bubble (2006-2011) 2008)north dakota oil boom (2006-2008)china stock bubble 2007uranium bubble 2007north dakota oil boom (2008-2012) commodity boom of the 2000s (2008–2014)lebanon housing bubble (2008–)corporate debt bubble (2008–)australia 2010 real estate bubblecrypto bubble(2011-)everything bubble(2020-21)ai wintercarbon bubblechaotic bubble green bubblesocial media stock bubbleunicorn bubbleunited states higher education bubblevtesee see also: banking paniccommodity price surgescredit crisiscredit cyclecurrency crisisdebt crisisenergy crisissudden crashhyperinflationcrisis liquidityminsky momentsocial crisisstock market crashthird century crisis (235-284 ad)the great gold famine (c. 1400 -c.1500)the great depreciation (1544-1551)crash of the stock market of the dutch republic (c.1600-1760)kipper and wipper (1621-1623)collapse of tulip mania (1637) bubble crash in the south seas (1720)bubble crash in mississippi (1720)amsterdam banking crisis 1763. @>panic of 1792panic of 1796-1797danish state bankruptcy of 1813post-napoleonic shocks in irish grain prices and land use (1815-1816)panic of 1819 .The panic of 1825the panic of 1837potato failure in europe (1845–1841) 856) great irish faminehighland potato famine The panic of 1873the crash of the paris bourse in 1882the panic of 1884the collapse of arendal (1886)the crisis of exposure (1890)ensilhammento (1890-1893)panic of 1893australian banking crisis of 1893black monday (1894)panic of 1896panic of 1901panic of 1907shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)panic of 1910-1911hyperinflation in the early ussr (1917-1924)hyperinflation of the weimar republics (1921–1923) showa financial crisis (1927)wall street crash in 1929panic of 1930energy crisis of the 1970s (1973 –1980)1973 oil crisisstocks 1973-1974 market crashsecondary banking crisis of 1973-1975steel crisis (1973-1982)latin american debt crisis (1975-1982)uk currency crisis of 1976 1979 oil crisisbrazilian hyperinflation (1980-1982)brazilian hyperinflation (1982-1994)souq al-manah stock market crash (1982) 1982 chile crisis1983 israeli bank stock crisisblack saturday (1983)save credit crisis (1986-1995)black monday (1987)disintegration of the soviet union (1988–1991)1988–1992 1992)rhode island banking crisis (1990-1992)indian economic crisis of 1991swedish financial crisis of the 1990sfinnish banking crisis of the 1990sarmenian energy crisis of 1990 -xcuba special period (1991) -2000)black wednesday (1992 sterling crisis)yugoslav hyperinflation (1992-1994)1994 bond market crisis 1994 venezuelan banking crisismexican peso crisis (1994–1996)1997 asian financial crisis1998 russian financial crisisecuadorian economic crisis 1998-1999great depression in argentina 1998-2002samba effect (1999)dot-com bubble collapse (2000-2004)turkish economic crisis in 2001 .2002 south american economic crisis2002 uruguay banking crisis2003 myanmar banking crisis2004 argentina energy crisiscrash bubble in the chinese stock market in 2007 hyperinflation in zimbabwe (from 2007 to present present)the financial crisis of 2007–2008 subprime mortgage crisisusa. Bear market 2007-2009 @>financial crisis in belgium, 2008-2009financial crisis in russia, 2008-2009financial crisis in ukraine, 2008-2009financial crisis in iceland, 2008-2011 2008-2011, irish banking crisis, 2008-2014 spanish financial crisis2009 global financial crisis2009 blue monday crasheuropean debt crisisgreek public debt crisis Venezuela economic crisis (2013)-present)brazilian economic crisis 2014-2016puerto rico government debt crisis (2014-2022)russian financial crisis (2014-2016)2015-2016 china stock market turmoil 2015-2016 stock market sell-offbrexit stock market crash (2016)venezuela hyperinflation (2016-present)sri fuel crisis lanke in 2017ghana banking crisis (2017-2018)2018-2023 turkish currency and debt crisislebanon liquidity crisis (2019-present)2019-present economic crisis in sri lankacovid-19 pandemic (2019-present)2020-2022 chinese real estate crisis2021- inflation surge in 2023russian financial crisis in 2022 stock market downturn in 2022list of banking criseslist of economic criseslist of sovereign debt criseslist of stock market crashes and bear marketsvtefederal open market committee (fomc)chairvice chairmangovernorsfederal reserve banks federal reserve system bondsfederal reserve bank bonds featuresbeige bookfederal reserve statistical reportmonetary policy report to congressdiscount window bank rate overnight Aldrich-vreeland act (1908)national monetary commission (1909-1912)federal reserve act (1913)the united states in the first world war (1917-1918)pittman act (1918)interwar period (1918-1939)post-war recession (1918-1919)1920-1921 . Depressionthe roaring twenties (19 21-1929)the wall street crash of 1929the great depression (1929-1933)regulation d (c. 1930)panic of 1930 emergency banking act (1933)regulation q (1933)glass-steagall act (1933)gold reserve act (1934)1937–1938 recessionthe home front of the united states during world war ii (1941-1945)bretton woods (1944-1971)employment act of 1946recession 1949us treasury agreement (1951)recession 1953bank holding company act (1956)recession 1958recession 1960-1961 .Fomc action (1961-present)kennedy slide 1962eligibility to lending act (1968)recession 1969-1970nixon shock (1971)smithsonian agreement (1971)stock market crash 1973-19741973-recession 1975equal credit opportunity act (1974) )mortgage disclosure act (1975)community reinvestment act (1977)federal reserve reform act (1977)electronic funds transfer act ( 1978))humphrey-hawkins full employment act (1978)didmc act (1980)early 1980s recession (1980; 1981-1982) fed central reserve v. Investment company institute (1981)northeast bancorp v. Federal reserve (1985)savings and loan crisis (1986-1995)black monday (1987) d.)Greenspan putfast access funds act (1987)firre act (1989)early 1990s recession (1990-1991)fdic improvement (1991)us boom in the 1990s (1991-2001)dot-com bubble (1994-2004)1997 mini crashgramm-leach-bliley law ( 1999)2001 recessionseptember 11 (2001) stock market crash2002 stock market crash us. Housing market correction (2006-2007)the great recession (2007-2009)us bear market 2007-2009financial crisis 2007-2008response subprime mortgage crisis (2007-2010) emergency economic stabilization act (2008)unfair or misleading acts or practices (2008)commercial paper financing facility (2008) -2010)primary dealer credit line (2008-2010)bloomberg vs. Federal reserve (2009)2009 supervisory capital evaluation programterm credit line, securities backed (2009-2010)public-private legacy asset investment program (2009-)dodd-frank act (2010)august 2011 stock market crashstock market sell-off in 2015-2016economic impact of covid-19 (2020)stock market crash in 2020commercial paper finance fund (2020-2016) 2021)bubble of everything (2020-2021)inflation surge in 2021-2022stock market crash in 2022charles s. Hamlin (1914-1916)william p. G harding (1916-1922)daniel r. Crissinger (1923–1927)roy a.Young (1927–1930)eugene meyer (1930–1933)eugene r. Black (1933–1934)marriner s. Eccles (1934–1948)thomas b. Mccabe (1948– 1951)william m. Martin (1951)-1970)arthur f. Burns (1970-1978)g.William miller (1978-1979)paul volcker (1979-1987)alan greenspan (1987-2006)ben bernanke (2006-2014)janet yellen (2014-2018)jerome powell (2018-present)jerome powell (chair)lael brainard (vice chairman)michael barr (vice chairman, oversight)michelle bowmanchristopher wallerlisa d. Cookphilip jeffersonsusan collins (boston)john williams (new york)patrick t. Harker (philadelphia)loretta j. Mester (cleveland) thomas barkin (richmond)raphael bostick (atlanta)austen goolsby (chicago)james b. Bullard (st. Petersburg) If you enjoyed this informative article and would like recommendations regarding https://keycodesoftware.com/ i beg you to visit this web page.
